测试数据库连接
注：阿里云在添加白名单时，如果是内网主机，就选专有网络。因为虚拟机与阿里云RDS都使用的是专有网络。如果用外网连接数据库，就将外网的地址添加到白名单的经典网络。另外，还要注意数据库中的用户应该有从外网地址连接的权限。
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| [root@test ~]# traceroute -n -T -p 3306 rm-2zeik6f1smno.mysql.rds.aliyuncs.com
traceroute to rm-2zeiks9o06fas81smno.mysql.rds.aliyuncs.com (0.90.0.18), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 * * *
2 123.127.52.225 1.151 ms 1.556 ms 1.948 ms
3 124.65.151.117 9.099 ms 9.282 ms 9.376 ms
4 124.65.226.253 3.983 ms 4.504 ms 4.656 ms
5 * * *
6 * 61.51.169.69 5.301 ms *
7 * * *
8 * * *
9 123.56.34.25 6.576 ms 101.200.109.133 5.156 ms 4.126 ms
10 * * 123.56.34.89 4.640 ms
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30 * * *
#上述探测数据中，目标端口在第 11 跳之后就没有数据返回。说明相应端口在该节点被阻断。
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参考：https://help.aliyun.com/knowledge_detail/40572.html?spm=5176.11065259.1996646101.searchclickresult.4ffa1754h73l7T（能 ping 通但端口不通时端口可用性探测说明）
修改字符集
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| 1. 连接数据库
mysql -hrm-2zeiks9sm.mysql.rds.aliyuncs.com -uroot -p
2. 查看字符集
MySQL [(none)]> show variables like '%char%';
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8 |
| character_set_connection | utf8 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8 |
| character_set_server | utf8 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /u01/mysql57_20180725/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
3. 修改字符集
MySQL [echarging]> set character_set_client=utf8mb4;
MySQL [echarging]> set character_set_connection=utf8mb4;
MySQL [echarging]> set character_set_results=utf8mb4;
MySQL [echarging]> set character_set_database=utf8mb4;
MySQL [echarging]> set character_set_server=utf8mb4;
4. 修改character_set_server也可以在阿里云的控制台操作
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